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Every Tool Leaves a Trace
每種工具都會留下痕跡


Originally published on:
https://ecal-typefaces.ch/everytoolleavesatrace/



設計字母的特定工具有其固有的形式特質,且總會留下痕跡。我們平時不太會想到這些工具,但觀察它們的特性如何形塑我們看待以及創造字體的方式,是非常有趣的。

一個顯而易見的例子是傳統的書法書寫工具,如寬尖筆(broad-nib)和彈性細尖筆(pointed pens),它們透過自身固有的「對比」方式產生特定且絕不會弄錯的形狀:寬尖筆通常產生平移對比(translation contrast),而彈性細尖筆則產生具有擴張對比(expansion contrast)的文字。1 荷蘭書法家、字體設計師兼教師赫里特·諾爾齊(Gerrit Noordzij)的大部分教學模型都基於「對比」的區分,另一個區分則是「字母構造」。2

根據諾爾齊的說法,特定的字母構造是在書寫的「正式化(formalisation)」與「去正式化(de-formalisation)」過程中,在「速度」與「清晰度」之間的張力場中形成的。3 但另一個關於為什麼字母看起來是某種樣子的組成部分卻被遺漏了,或許是因為它太顯而易見:筆並不是獨自完成這些動作的,我們的身體也是這台「書寫機器」的一部分,哪些動作對我們來說是容易完成的,也會同樣地影響字母的形狀。

The construction proposed by Noordzij in his book The Stroke.

所有的模型都是錯誤的,但有些是有用的。4 諾爾齊的模型對於字體設計初學者特別有幫助,因為它在練習書法時能體現出卓越的內在一致性。5 「平移對比 vs 擴張對比」以及「中斷式(interrupted) vs 連續式(uninterrupted)」的書寫風格已被遵循了幾個世紀,並在我們使用的許多字體中留下了印記。在「工具造就造形(Tools Make Shapes)」這門課的背景下,寬尖筆和細尖筆僅被用作經典案例,用來展示書寫工具如何偏好某種特定的形式語彙。

其他製造字母形狀的方法會留下不同的工具痕跡——從同時結合平移、擴張和旋轉對比特徵的刷子,到像素字體(pixel fonts)那顯而易見的階梯狀痕跡。

新方法造就新造形 (New shapes from new methods)

如果我們想要得到新的造形——新的對比與新的構造——我們需要打造新的工具並從中學習。這就是我在 ECAL 字體設計碩士班(MATD)第一學期的課程「工具造就造形」背後的理念。

打造全新的、不太可能的書寫工具。6 探索它與使用者身體結合所創造出的形式語彙。就像經典書法有一套「造形的經濟性(economy of shapes)」——一小組基本筆畫可以組合形成不同的字元——盡量使用那些最容易書寫和組合的筆畫,並透過反覆試驗,將字母結構連同書寫手冊(如何使用該工具,以及你的字母造形如何形成)一起正式化。

Scanner, by Sylvain Esposito and Leonardo Azzolini (2013) examines writing with both hands, with all strokes written in the direction of a flatbed scanner’s sensor.

Sometimes a found tool is all it takes: the combination of rubber roller, viscous ink and the range of movement of the arm restricts the possibility of movements and creates nice construction. Project of Ondřej Báchor, Eliott Grunewald, and Davide Tomatis, 2016.

Calligraphy as team-building exercise: since all either of the two ‘writers’ can do is pull the writing tool towards one of the corners, this alphabet comes with its own meta-language to enable the required teamwork. Project of Kyung Jin Lee, Quentin Coulombier, and Luca Pellegrini, 2017.


Tools make shapes, drawing in sand. Project by Simona Alina Andone, Chiachi Chao, Alberto Malossi, 2020.

這個過程是充滿「機緣巧合(serendipitous)」的,因為學生首先構思一個工具,然後組裝它,接著發現它是否(如果可以的話!)能滿足他們的期望。學生有很大的自由度,可以在「發揮裝置奇特特徵」與「嘗試創造更符合常規的作品」之間擺盪。

讓計畫主要集中在類比(analog)與手動過程,降低了那些尚無數位字體設計經驗學生的進入門檻,並提供了一種節奏上的改變。對「書寫身體」的關注也讓這些計畫變成了一場場微型表演。

Spin, by João Varela, Weichi He, and Arnaud Chemin (2018) develops from rotation contrast to spiro-contrast, and the carefully designed hardware is only a stepping stone to formalising the idea into the carefully designed software that created the digital typeface.

360° Speedmob choreography by Raphaela Haefliger, Laura Csoscán and Dominik Bissem.



未來的聲音 (The sound of the future)

設計字體是為那永遠不變的字元集發明全新的形式表達。我們不應只是老調重彈歷史、重新制定慣例,或只是對我們集體形式無意識中那相同的通用造形池進行微調,我們應該努力發明新方法來獲得新造形——透過創造新的書寫工具,或編寫你自己的設計軟體(這比你想像的要容易!)。

「打造工具」必須成為設計師方法論的一部分:製作你自己的工具能擴展你的可能性空間,實現真正的實驗,並讓你設計出只有你才能設計的字體。

批判性思考應是任何設計教育的主要焦點。這包括對你的「工具」進行批判性思考。軟體提供的自動化與神奇解決方案會讓你沉溺於其工作流程中,並扼殺任何關於「這該如何完成?」、「為什麼這裡要這樣做?」的思考。在這方面,它就像 Instagram,每個人都可以套用相同的濾鏡,但一切看起來都像是相同的濾鏡。

我想教授的是透過「親手製作」來實現創意賦權與自立,而不是對工具的依賴。我想將學生從工具製造者的獨裁以及他們對字體「應該」是什麼樣子的想法中解放出來。

這門課是第一步。

Tools Make Shapes, class of Kai Bernau, ECAL Master Type Design, 1st semester

Case study: IRÓN




1        Gerri Noordzij, The stroke – Theory of Writing, Amsterdam: Buitenkant / The Hague: Royal Academy of Arts, 2019.

2        Notably, Noordzij does not discuss serifs – too unimportant a detail in this categorisation principle. In this view, a Didot is not fundamentally different from Univers, nor Johnston’s rail alphabet from a Garamond.

3        This is a notion Noordzij would often share in the occasional master classes he gave long after his retirement, using it variously to muse on how lowercase may have developed from uppercase, or italics/current scripts from romans.

4        ‘All models are wrong’, aphorism generally attributed to the statistician George Box.

5        In many languages, there is a word for ‘understanding something’ that is also a word for ‘holding something in your hand’, such as German begreifen, English to grasp, Dutch begrijpen, French saisir or Italian afferrare, reminding us that we also understand things through haptics, as anybody who has ever attempted to learn a musical instrument will agree.

6        For the purpose of this project, this definition of ‘writing’ is sufficient: one movement or gesture results in one complete stroke. This is different from drawing, where usually the various contours of a stroke are designed separately, or lettering/sign-painting, where the (main) strokes of a letter-shape are often built up from various strokes of the writing tool.


Further reading
-            Karow, Peter: Digital Typography and Artificial Intelligence, ATypI / Dutch Type Library / Adobe, 2013.
-            Kinross, Robin: Unjustified Texts, London: Hyphen Press, 2002.
-            Midal, Alexandra: Design by Accident. For a New History of Design, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2019.
-            Noordzij, Gerrit: De handen van de zeven zusters, Amsterdam: Van Oorschot, 2000.
-            Noordzij, Gerrit: Letterletter, Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, 2000.
-            Noordzij, Gerrit: The stroke – Theory of Writing, Amsterdam: Buitenkant / The Hague: Royal Academy of Arts, 2019.
-            Potter, Norman: Models & Constructs, London: Hyphen Press, 1990.
-            Rappo, François (ed.): Typeface as Programme, Lausanne: ECAL, 2009.
-            Reas, Casey, McWilliams, Chandler, LUST: Form + Code, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.
-            Wood, Luke and Haylock, Brad (Eds.): One and many mirrors: perspectives on graphic design education, London: Occasional Papers, 2020.



About
Kai Bernau is a graphic designer, typeface designer and educator. He is a professor for typeface design at ECAL Master in Type Design since 2011. He holds a masters degree from TypeMedia, the type design program of the Royal Academy of Arts in The Hague. Together with Susana Carvalho he founded Atelier Carvalho Bernau in 2005.

Keyword

Calligraphy
Tools

摘要:用The Stroke開場傳統以來字體設計對工具的影響造型的理解,但背後也隱含著適合手部運動的因素。這裡鼓勵大家批判性製造自己的工具,不論是實體的還是軟體的,能夠看見已被限制好用的主流軟體以外的可能性。

心得:滿好的介紹為什麼要嘗試新工具的intro⋯ 照片也都拍得好漂亮⋯⋯